During the year, depending on the latitude and climatic zone, the number of thunderstorms and their intensity vary greatly, these parameters decrease to the Northern latitudes due to a decrease in humidity and temperature and, accordingly, a decrease in the probability of forming conditions for the formation of convective and thunderstorm clouds. The article deals with the mechanisms of dangerous effects of lightning discharges. The electric parameters of the discharges for thunderstorm processes in the atmosphere were studied using data from the geophysical monitoring center of the FGIBU "VGI", which includes a network of sensors of the automatic thunder-gauge finder - the range finder LS8000. The results of the analysis of the recording of ground-discharge currents and the time of their growth obtained during the period of its operation are presented. The authors determined the statistical distributions of the lightning current amplitude. It is established that the discharge parameters in different regions differ and can change with time. This means that for the effective operation of lightning protection systems and the implementation of measures to ensure life safety during thunderstorms, it is necessary to monitor the lightning situation in each individual region.

Keywords: atmospheric electricity, lightning discharges, lightning guides, lightning protection measures, life safety

The process of electrodeposition of the iron-nickel alloy in stationary and non-stationary electric modes is studied. The influence of periodic currents of various forms and parameters on the rate of extraction of the alloy components, its composition, and also the current efficiency of the alloy is investigated.

Keywords: iron-nickel alloy, current density, current efficiency

The nature of cathodic reactions occurring during intergranular corrosion (ICC) on stainless steel 08X18H10T in a solution of 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.01 M KCNS is considered. Evaluation of the thermodynamic potential of various reactions with components of the solution showed that the ICC process in this system proceeds with mixed oxygen-hydrogen depolarization. When the temperature rises, an intensification of the cathode process occurs, which is associated with a decrease in the overvoltage of the reduction of oxidants. Forced medium movement at low temperatures also facilitates the cathodic process, and at elevated temperatures the effect of convective medium movement decreases. This is due to the decrease in the proportion of oxygen involved in the cathode process, since its concentration in solution increases with increasing temperature.

Keywords: intergranular corrosion, stainless steel, temperature and hydrodynamic conditions

An analysis of the use of modern technologies based on the use of physical phenomena, namely, vacuum and microwave effects in the dehydration of food products, is given. On the basis of generalization and analysis of studies of domestic and foreign scientists it was shown that these technologies are promising for such plant raw materials as fruits and vegetables, and their effectiveness depends on the characteristics of the raw materials being enriched

Keywords: vacuum, microwave exposure, dehydration of food, drying

To ensure the stability of the galvanic deposition process and the high quality of the precipitate obtained, it is necessary to know the dependence of all processes on technological factors and modes. The degree of influence of technological factors on the behavior of machine parts made of gray iron, etching and deposition of zinc electroplating is not the same, so there is a need for electrochemical studies in the laboratory. The methodology of such studies has a General orientation and particular conditions in each case. The article describes in detail the method of electrochemical studies of gray cast iron in the sulfuric acid electrolyte of galvanizing during the restoration of machine parts by galvanic deposition of zinc coating. The basic conditions necessary for obtaining reliable comprehensive results that will determine the optimal conditions for galvanizing machine parts made of gray cast iron are considered.

Keywords: technological factor, electrochemical studies, polarization curves, electrochemical cell, electrode, potentiostat

High-current semiconductor polycrystalline thermistors of high power of coaxial type have a large mass and consequently, considerable heat capacity and heat resistance. Due to this, the thermophysical and electrophysical processes in them are different in the steady and transient regimes, which is especially important in regimes. which lasts a fraction or a unit of seconds. The main variants of operation of such thermistors in dynamic modes are considered and various characteristics are given.

Keywords: Thermistor, thermal and electrophysical characteristics, electric motors, electrophysical and thermal characteristics of semiconductor thermo-resistors of coaxial type

The paper presents the characteristics of wind and solar resources of the Southern Federal District on the basis of which the assessment of the prospects for introducing innovative innovations such as perovskite photovoltaic cells and Vertical-axis wind turbines into the process of district energy production is given.

Keywords: Vertical-axis wind turbines, alternative energy source, wind power, wind turbine, renewable energy source, perovskite photocell, solar battery, solar energy, energy resources of the Southern Federal District, energy saving

The article is devoted to the analysis of emergency situations related to the damage of gas-insulated switches on ultrahigh-voltage lines. The results of mathematical modeling of aperiodic oscillatory process produced in the Simulink system, which occurs when a high-voltage power line containing shunt reactors is switched on under the nominal voltage, are presented. The variants of using a switch with a set of pre-switched resistors in order to minimize the destructive influence of the aperiodic process that occurs when an overvoltage pulse occurs are considered. The results of the simulation of the switching process in the application of high-voltage switches with a set of pre-switched resistors. The simulation was performed on the parameters of the current transmission line with a nominal voltage of 500 kV on the site of the substation "Eletskaya" - nuclear power plant "Donskaya".

Keywords: shunt reactor, aperiodic process, high-voltage power lines

The dependence of the values characterizing the propagation of nonlinear waves on the surface of a liquid conductor on the electric field strength and on the wavelength is described. Electrohydrodynamic waves are investigated, namely, the motion of drops, convective motion of liquid, deformation of drops and bubbles in the applied electric field, propagation of surface waves in a linear approximation are considered. A mathematical model of nonlinear wave propagation on the charged surface of a liquid conductor is constructed. The graphs of the dependence of the wave oscillation frequency on the electric field strength and phase velocity on the wavelength are plotted.

Keywords: nonlinear surface waves, liquid conductor, dielectric constant, phase velocity, magnetic field strength, surface charge

The short analysis the direct-current motor running with the help of regulating resistors and thermostatic resistors is made. A fixed range of thermistor resistors can be obtained by optimizing the current. There are some graphical dependence of the load moment influences on the engine acceleration through the semiconductor rheostat. The authors give some warning to combine starting rheostats.

Keywords: thermistor, starting rheostat, direct-current motor, motor starting current line graph, combined starting resistance

Overhead contact system is a part of electric traction network which doesn’t have safety margin of a construction that’s why its using in winter becomes much difficult. The most heavy overhead contact system work is the operating regime in wind and ice loading because of wind and increasing not only on wires and suspension strands but on supporting structures. Ice loading on wires makes current-collecting conditions much worse and taking into account operational factors it can be a cause of a traffic accident and trains stop. The authors examine some methods of ice prevention, their efficiency effect and the capacity of their combining. In connection with this it is very important to trace ice load as early as possible. Equipment set for thermodynamic method instantiation and its fixing variant are represented.

Keywords: traction power system, overhead contact system, contact wire line, ice loading, loading, testing methods

Methods for conducting polarization measurements on electrodes made of 1X18H9T steel are considered. Anodic polarization curves of steel 1X18H9T were obtained in solutions of electrolytes without stirring and with stirring. Comparison of the obtained anodic polarization curves allowed to reveal the rational current densities for realization of technological processes of combined anodic and mechanical processing of this steel.

Keywords: polarization curves, electrolytes, 1X18H9T steel, combined treatment

For basic research flame ionization process is necessary to obtain the true value of the ion current on the probe, taking into account the errors of the measuring circuits. To study the processes of ionization in the combustion cameo widespread ionic current sensors in the presence of the resistive component of the measurement circuit, such as current-limiting elements in the circuits connecting to the ignition coil high-voltage output or measuring shunt. This article describes how to account instrumental errors introduced by such measuring systems, as well as the proposed formula of the transition from the signal values ​​obtained experimentally to the true value of the ion current. The results of the calculation of the reduced value of the ion current to the experimentally obtained signal. The possibility of making instrumental error of up to 40% in amplitude at signal peaks. It is shown that the construction of I-V characteristics of the ionization probe must be considered instrumental error introduced by the resistive components of the measuring circuit.

Keywords: ion current, the electrical conductivity of the flame, the measuring circuit, the instrumental error of measurement, resistive voltage divider, ICE

The aim is handling trees seed non-thermal plasma activated water and its research results to improve the percentage of seed germination and rapid germination. Water treated plasma, has the ability to activate the germination. This significantly changes the acidity of the environment. Study on the treatment of seeds with non-thermal water plasma was conducted for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), ash-leaved Maple (Acer negundo L.). Germination pine seeds soaked in plasma activated water for 2 minutes, increased to 22%, 11% spruce. Such seeds have a short period of germination. The period of germination was reduced to 1 day for birch and maple for 3 days for a total increase of germination by 18 and 16%. Phytopathological analysis identified a certain bactericidal effect. The number of seeds infected with fungi of the genus Alternaria, Penicillium and others decreased. Treatment did not affect the infestation of seeds fungi of the genus Spicaria, Germescium. As a result, there have been major findings and recommendations on the application of plasma activated water for seedbed preparation seed trees.

Keywords: water, non-thermal plasma, seeds, Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver birch, ash-leaved Maple

Contact network work in winter conditions is much more difficult than usual. The most hard contact network mode of operation is the mode of ice with wind, which increase wind and ice load on wires and cables, reference and supporting structures. Ice loading on the wires and wind effects significantly impair the conditions of current pick-off and coupled with operational factors can cause an accident and lead to a trains stop. From this perspective the detection of glaze-ice and rime deposition in the early stages with its minimal thickness becomes of vital importance. The article examines the methods of early detection of icing which are used on the transmission lines and the ability of these methods to be used in the contact network. The terms of the contact network and power lines are different that’s why not all methods used on the transmission lines can be used. The thermodynamic method of determining the ice is observed as the main. The set of equipment that implements this method and the installation option on the contact network part have been represented.

Keywords: overhead construction, contact wire, span wire, icing, workload, detection system, control methods, glaze-ice and rime deposition, power dispatcher, the thickness of the deposits, wire breakage, information

The analysis of the state of transmission electrik lines, on the example, one of the districts of the Rostov region. The prospects of the use of symmetrization devices unbalance, what allows to increase the reliability of power supply to agricultural consumers.

Keywords: stream of the failure, electricity, the balancing device, emergency operation, recovery time, failure, reliability, multilevel inverter, analysis, power line, user.

In the article, the use of digital processing to improve the quality of data obtained using the sensor network field strength measurements EFM550 production company "Vaisala" working with the hardware-software complex in the centre of geophysical monitoring of the situation over the southern region of the Russian Federation fgbu "high-mountain geophysical Institute". Explores the possibility of using Kalman filtering to Refine the data instrument measurements of the electric field of the atmosphere. A comparative analysis of the obtained stroke data of the electric field before and after filtering.

Keywords: the electric field of the atmosphere, measuring the strength of the electric field of the atmosphere, digital filtering, Kalman filtering, mathematical processing of measurement data

Prospects of use of induction electroheating in agriculture are considered. The simplified method of calculation of a cylindrical induction water heater with an external magnetic conductor is received.

Keywords: electroheating, induction heating, inductor, magnetic conductor, magnetic induction, design current of the inductor

Thermoresistors nowadays are used not only as parts of temperature sensors and flowmeters but they are used as components of starting and control devices. Use of low-powered thermoresistors as starting and control devices parts needs a lot of devices that reduces equipment reliability. Current step-up running through motor-starting devices simplifies control circuit. For using thermoresistors in electric circuits with high-discharge rate it is necessary to use special constructions in order not to let termoresistor body be overheated. Thermoresistor expansion results in changing of thermal fields distribution pattern inside this semiconductor. The authors show calculated characteristics which let determine proportions and shapes of semiconductor subject to thermoresistor temperature.

Keywords: high power thermoresistors, thermoresistors of coaxial type, current density, temperature, analogy criterion, thermal conductance, temperature gradient, thermal field, stability criterion

In article the analysis of ways of increase and criteria for evaluation of stability of the welding arc category is carried out. The most perspective way of increase of stability of the arc category, can be carried out due to pulse, high-frequency impact on a welding contour. The experimental data obtained at research of the combined power supply system of the arc category of a direct current at parallel connection to the main welding power supply of the additional generator of impulses are given. Influence of a pulse component from the additional generator with a frequency of 40 kHz, on stability of burning of the arc category is considered at manual arc welding by the covered electrodes. As criteria for evaluation of stability of burning of the arc category have been accepted such as, the explosive length of an arch with which there is it's natural break and coefficient of stability. The conducted pilot studies and positive results of skilled approbation of the developed power supply system of the arc category allow to recommend it for application at installation of responsible metal designs.

Keywords: Stability, the welding arc category, welding by the covered electrodes, pulse impact on a welding contour, explosive length of an arch, stability coefficient, the electromagnetic field, the generator of impulses

This paper presents study on the influence of constant and pulsed anodic polarization on the value of the building and properties of materials of grounding. Mass of anodic dissolution rate was calculated

Keywords: corrosion, cathodic protection, constant, pulsed polarization, anodic grounding, oil pipelines, gas pipelines

The use of physical and chemical methods of processing in the food industry substantiates the possibility increasing resource efficiency of production. According to the research it was proposed and justified the use of electrostatic processing of ripe tomatoes, identified possible applications of electrostatic treatment of water and air environments.

Keywords: electrostatic field, processing of fruit and vegetables, tomato, installing with electrostatic processing unit, storage

The article presents review of the scientific and technical literature in the field of application of physical and chemical treatment methods to produce food products with improved consumer properties, continuing for a long time. The methods presented are among the key in the food industry and are actively used to create the nutritional industry.

Keywords: electrostatic treatment, electrochemical activation of solutions, freeze drying, improving the product quality, increase shelf life, control, quality, safety

Zinc electrodeposits gained the distribution generally thanks to high protective properties. However it is possible to apply zinc electroplated coatings and at restoration of worn-out surfaces of details of cars. Thus zinc electrodeposits possess the high durability of coupling with a substrate that is pledge of long-term service of the details restored by zinc. Ensuring high durability of coupling of zinc electroplated coating with a basis possibly only at careful observance of technological process of preliminary preparation of a surface for sedimentation and directly the sedimentation. Some researchers suggest to estimate the received durability of coupling of a covering with a basis from the point of view of the theory of reliability. Technological reliability of process of preparation of details for galvanizing is meant as percent of the restored details, with a high durability of coupling. Process of preparation represents technical system in which operations act as elements. Reliability of technical system are defined by quantity and reliability of elements, their functional communication. And reliability of elements, is defined by technology factors and depends on quality of carrying out the previous operation. Refusal of any of elements causes refusal of all technical system. That is communication between elements of system consecutive and it is possible to apply the second theorem of probabilities according to which the probability of joint emergence of several dependent events is equal to work of probability of one of them on conditional probabilities of all others to it. It is necessary to understand change of reliability of an element in time as stability of reliability. For the purpose of improvement of technological process of galvanizing it is possible to perform operation of anode etching directly in galvanizing electrolyte. Thus the block diagram of preparation of a detail can be submitted as follows: machining; degreasing of surfaces of a detail Vienna lime; washing in cold water; anode etching galvanizing electrolyte; removal of products of etching from the covered surfaces and an exit to the mode; galvanizing.

Keywords: case detail, restoration, repair, defect, resource way of restoration, car repair production

The choice of the electrolyte for the galvanic deposition of coatings is one of the fundamental points to ensure high quality and reliability of the reconstruction of surfaces of machine parts. Zinc electroplated coatings currently used in the automotive and car repair production mainly as protective coatings. However, in addition to the protective properties of zinc galvanic coating has sufficient hardness and wear resistance, and damping characteristics. From the composition and type of the electrolyte depends on the quality of sediment, its continuity, physical and mechanical properties, adhesion to the substrate, and the performance of the deposition process, the service life of the electrolyte, and the frequency of service (filtering, correction, and so on), the mechanism of occurrence of electrolysis, types and rate of the electrochemical processes. When the metal plating of zinc are used mainly the following types of electrolytes: slightly acidic; acidic, coroborate, chloride, soleplate; alkaline, and mixed electrolytes. In use, in practice, the greatest use of acid, weakly acidic and alkaline. The optimal choice of the electrolyte galvanizing ambiguous, as the process of electrolysis depends on many factors and is characterized by more than twenty different indicators. The analysis showed that the main selection criteria are: quality of galvanic sludge - corrosion resistance, adhesion to the substrate, the distribution of sediment thickness, aromatherapist, flexibility, adaptability to soldering and decorative properties; technological parameters of deposition - the range of the cathodic and anodic current density, the productivity of the deposition, the temperature of the electrolyte, the velocity of the electrolyte, etc.; safety for humans and the environment; saving resources and costs; the stability of the electrolyte and ease of maintenance.

Keywords: passive film, adsorption, sedimentation productivity, electrocrystallization, mechanical activation, crystal lattice