The article examines the architectural and artistic possibilities of facade structures and elements. The main architectural and artistic properties and components of facade structures and elements that create the shape of the facade surface are revealed. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the artistic possibilities of facade structures and elements are represented by a variety of types of decorative elements, geometric methods of developing their surfaces, specific visual properties, as well as various options for finishing with facade materials, surface detailing and shapes, and architectural possibilities of their use consist in a significant compositional diversity of spatial and volumetric characteristics, typological diversity of structures, the method of mounting and fastening to the facade plane.

Keywords: facade, surface, form, shaping, facade structures, architectural and artistic properties

The structural integrity of many reinforced concrete structures can be broken due to corrosion of reinforcing steel. This phenomenon is quite pronounced in infrastructure where de-icing chemicals are widely used. The aim of this study is to examine the bond characteristics between reinforcing steel and surrounding concrete to evaluate its effect in corrosion. The strength of the bond was studied in terms of elongation load response, cracking behavior.It is shown that the friction between concrete and reinforcement along the edge of the rib prevents the concrete key from sliding relative to the rib. The force due to friction between the reinforcement and concrete at the rib is vectorially added to the cohesion component acting perpendicular to the rib. If friction between the concrete and reinforcement is lost, the only component of bond strength is the force acting perpendicular to the rib. In pullout failure, the friction between concrete and reinforcement is less important than in spalling failure.

Keywords: reinforcement, concrete, bond, slip, sliding, pullout, corrosion, concrete deformation.

In order to negate the loss of strength, that can lead to collapse of constructions, we should take measures to prevent cracking. Every crack emersion in reinforced concrete indicates that the accumulated stress has been released in this area of the structure. The cause of cracks are internal tensile stresses that can occur due to internal processes in the element and from external loads on the structure. It is possible to eliminate cracks that have already appeared with the help of repair compounds that fill the volume of cracks in various ways. Injection, as one of the solutions, will help to maintain the strength and durability of the structure.

Keywords: cracking, concrete, reinforced concrete slab, crack, defect, deformation, strength, soil, repair compound, foundation, foundation slab, injection

One of the main causes of structural failure is fatigue, which is caused by failure under repeated cyclic load. The vibration strength of welded joints depends on the height of the weld catheter, equivalent Mises stresses and general movements of frame assemblies of building metal structures experiencing multi-cycle loading reliability of frame assemblies when they are reinforced.

Keywords: reinforcements, reliability, assemblies, metal structures, multi-cycle fatigue

The presented article highlights the problems identified during the study of such a new phenomenon in the urban planning sphere as rural agglomerations of the Russian Federation on the example of the Leningrad region, as a set of intermunicipal urban planning relationships within one or more municipal districts of the Leningrad region, as well as the need to take into account these relationships, taking into account the peculiarities of the cultural landscape, as a set of accumulated valuable agricultural territories, combined with the experience of industrial, cultural and urban development operation of these territories.

Keywords: rural agglomeration, cultural landscape, small urban agglomeration, qualimetric landscape method

The effectiveness of various inorganic coagulants based on aluminum and iron was evaluated. Based on a review of the literature data, as well as experimental studies, the advantages and disadvantages of a number of coagulants based on aluminum and iron have been identified. Aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, as well as polyoxychloride and aluminum oxychloride were studied. Based on the results of evaluating the effectiveness of inorganic coagulants in terms of turbidity, chromaticity, residual aluminum, permanganate oxidability, recommendations for their separate and joint use are given.

Keywords: coagulant, aluminum, iron, turbidity, chromaticity, permanganate oxidability, residual aluminum

In most countries of the world, the construction industry is one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas and agglomerations. One of the most dangerous pollutants are fine dust particles PM2.5 and PM10, formed from the production of dusty construction processes. Due to the optimal location of administrative facilities on the construction site, it is possible to reduce the concentration of dust emissions of particles PM2.5 and PM10. In addition, the cost of the dust control method is of concern to contractors, as it leads to an increase in the cost of construction. Therefore, reducing overall transportation costs is another optimization goal. To solve several tasks at once, the study uses multi-purpose optimization using the particle swarm method (MRF) algorithm to find an optimized construction site layout that can simultaneously reduce both the level of pollution from dust emissions and transportation costs.

Keywords: environmental safety, environmental monitoring, atmospheric air protection, ecology in construction, dust suppression, feasibility study, dust collection systems, labor protection in construction

We have considered the improvement of analytical formulas for the determination of bending moments in a single-span beam with semi-rigid nodes. We have obtained analytical relationships for deflections, angles of rotation, bending moments and shear forces in a single-span beam with semi-rigid nodes. A convenient coefficient from 0 to 1 is used to specify the intermediate stiffness node. The coefficient characterizes the fraction of possible rotation of the support node. When we derived the formulas, we used the assumption of constant bending stiffness of the beam along its length and linear deformation of the beam material under load. We did not consider the cases of loading the beam with concentrated forces and concentrated bending moments in the span. We realize the complexity and necessity of calculating beams with semi-rigid nodes, so we have created a table for easy calculation. In the table you will find the values of the supporting moments depending on the degree of possible angle rotation. With the information about the bearing moments, you can load the hinged beam with them and construct a bending moment diagram. The upper left and lower left values from the table are used to determine the bending moments at the supports. The upper right and lower right values of the table are used to determine the bending moments in the beam span.

Keywords: semi-rigid nodes, multilayer structures, calculation methods, contact zone, wooden beams, reinforcement, wood, reinforcement, environmental friendliness

Issues of environmental protection, in particular atmospheric air, protection of the population from the effects of pollutants living near the deployed construction works are relevant, as the volume of construction and commissioning of new buildings and structures increases, and there is a continuous development of equipment and technologies in construction production. In order to study the degree of air pollution of the construction site during 2020-2023, air pollution with fine dust particles PM2.5 and PM10 was monitored, namely the volume of dust emissions, their chemical composition to assess pollution from construction processes and equipment that produce these construction processes, taking into account the factors of background dustiness of the air environment of the territory, affecting on the health of construction workers and the population. Based on the results of the work carried out, it was determined that the highest concentration of dust and the volume of dust emissions are shown by earthworks. The results of this work, with practical accuracy.

Keywords: environmental safety, environmental monitoring, atmospheric air protection, ecology in construction, dust suppression, feasibility study, dust collection systems, labor protection in construction

In the course of the study, an analysis of the condition of the mosaic floor covering in various operating conditions and at various facilities was carried out. The main advantages and disadvantages of floor coverings using marble, the features of their operation are revealed. The purpose of the study is to simplify and confirm the acceptability of the technology of marble floors, taking into account the factors of influence and the type of room. The main tasks are to conduct a study on the wear of the floor covering over time; to determine the timing of the current repair of the floor covering; to conduct a study of the preservation of the reflectivity (gloss) of floor coverings using marble. The practical significance lies in drawing up a graph of the dependence of floor wear on its type and time based on the analysis of visual inspection and physical measurements.

Keywords: marble floor, polishing, grinding, wear, breccia, mosaic coating, technology, profiler, restoration, seamless, colored concretes

This article analyzes the assessment of the signs leading to the possible destruction of the studied building structure. To determine the degree of influence of signs (or groups) on the level of structural failure in their direct diagnosis, it is possible to use a mathematical basis, in particular, the Bayesian approach. The essence of the implementation is to compare the probability of failure for each structure under study. The result of the work is to identify and describe not only the features of the relationship between each feature affecting the destruction of the structure and the calculated probability of destruction, but also their degree of influence on increasing or decreasing the probability of an accident. According to the estimates of the mathematical definition of the signs affecting the destruction of the building structure, it is possible to more objectively assess the effectiveness of the method used to check the condition of the building structure.

Keywords: construction and technical expertise, defects, reliability, diagnostic tasks, diagnostic methods, efficiency

The article discusses the key problems of resource and damageability of crane beams over a long period of operation. A classification of the most dangerous defects in crane beams is proposed, taking into account not only the location of the defect, but also the mechanism of its development, as well as possible causes of its occurrence. The focus is on the effect of periodic loading on the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. The article analyzes international research in order to identify methods and methodologies used to ensure the safety and reliable operation of the objects under study. It is shown that special attention should be paid to periodic examination for the purpose of early detection of cracks of various etiologies and timely adoption of the necessary measures. It has been revealed that the most effective approach to ensuring reliable and safe operation of the object under study throughout its life cycle is the collaboration of modern calculation methods, including fracture mechanics, and experimental techniques during periodic inspections, which will allow the crane beam zones to be ranked according to the likelihood of a defect occurring and reduce risk of sudden brittle failure.

Keywords: crane beam, crack, brittle fracture, fracture mechanics, shear deformation, normal separation, finite element method, ranking by fracture risk, maintenance, stress-strain state

This paper is aimed to present the produced compositions of bitumen- mineral open (BMO) mixtures for the Novoselovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Federal Road M53 runs through the area and in this district in particular it is characterized by steep ascents and descents. To ensure the required adhesion properties of road asphalt concrete pavements with car wheels for thepurpose of traffic safety in the area under study, the construction of rough wearinglayers or toppings from BMO mixtures has been suggested. Compositioncalculations were carried out using local mineral materials and BMO mixtures,after which test samples were prepared in laboratory conditions. It has beenestablished that the developed BMO mixture compositions meet all regulatory requirements. Recommendations are developed for the factory technology ofpreparing bitumen-mineral open mixtures and the design of rough wearing layers.Instructions for technical control during the preparation of BMO mixtures aregiven. The Road Repair and Construction Department of the Novoselovsky districthas already introduced the obtained compositions into the practice of road construction.

Keywords: bitumen-mineral open mixtures, rough wearing layers, toppings, roads, asphalt concrete, bitumen, crushed stone, sand, compositions, technology

The article examines the historical stages of the development of architecture in Russia, in order to identify the features of the aesthetic interaction of residential architecture and production. The general historical process of mutual influence, borrowing of features and compositional techniques is investigated. The characteristic features of interaction and their determining factors are revealed. The trends of further development of residential and industrial architecture are predicted.

Keywords: industrial architecture, residential architecture, architecture of Russia, Soviet industrial architecture, architectural styles, stylistic borrowing in architecture, history of architecture of Russia

The main architectural landmark of the city of Nalchik, the capital of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is the building of the Sosruko complex, distinguished by its unusual architecture and built in the 70s of the 20th century. The authors of the article turned to the symbol of the city because it is 55 years old and is a unique architectural ensemble. Sosruko is a wonderful monument of brutalist architecture that is visible from every corner of the city. This is evidenced by well-deserved awards and prizes for the originality of the design. Thanks to such buildings, which influence the image of the city, the architecture of the native land will not be the same and faceless. In our time, talented builders and architects should raise issues of preserving architectural heritage, and also remember the best works of architects who have made an invaluable contribution to the development of the construction industry of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Keywords: architecture, construction, Kizilovka, Nartiya, Sosruko, Nart epic, ensemble, chairlift route, mountain slope, loose soil rocks

Expert work has been carried out to determine the causes of the low adhesion strength of hand-molded ceramic bricks with Maxpol colored masonry mortar. The tests were carried out in accordance with GOST 24992 on 6 series of samples aged 7 and 28 days of hardening. The adhesion strength in the series of tested samples at 7 days of age, which were washed with running water, is 54% higher compared to the samples that were not treated.The compressive strength of Maxpol colored masonry mortar meets the requirements of technical specifications 23.64.10-001-79211444-2017 . The adhesion strength in the masonry meets the requirements of technical specifications only in a series of hand-molded bricks that have been treated with running water at the age of 28 days.

Keywords: ceramic brick, colored masonry mortar, adhesion strength, compressive strength, separation area

The problems of competitiveness of construction organizations and ways to solve them investigated. The factors limiting the business activity of construction organizations are highlighted and evaluated based on statistical data. Three main categories and corresponding specific factors of competitiveness of construction organizations analyzed. The method of expert assessments revealed the degree of their influence on the competitiveness of the organization. The ways of increasing the competitiveness of construction organizations, taking into account these factors, proposed.

Keywords: competitiveness, increasing competitiveness, factors of influence, construction organization, statistical methods, the method of expert assessments

The article discusses modern methods of conducting construction control (CS) as part of the implementation of the government program for digitalization of the construction industry. The prerequisites justifying the need for automation of the SC are presented. A review of the software used by Russian construction companies to transfer quality control processes into electronic format was carried out. Based on the completed review, a comparative analysis of the most significant and frequently used software functions is presented. The requirements for them have been formed. They are classified based on their integration into digital models of capital construction projects. This allowed the authors to develop an algorithm for conducting a QC taking into account all the requirements of regulatory documents and the interaction of the main participants in the construction process. It provides for automatic data transfer for the generation of as-built documentation in electronic form, the appointment of persons responsible for correcting defects, their photo and video recording with reference to the 3D model of capital construction projects.

Keywords: digital technologies, automation, regulatory documentation, as-built documentation, quality, construction processes, construction control, information model

Often in practice, construction times are estimated using deterministic methods, for example, based on a network schedule of the construction plan with deterministic values for the timing of specific works. This approach does not reflect the reality associated with the probabilistic nature of risks and leads to a systematic underestimation of the time and, as a consequence, the cost of construction. The research proposes to use a Markov discrete heterogeneous Markov chain to assess the risks of non-completion of construction in due time. The states of the Markov process are proposed to correspond to the stages of construction of the object. Probabilities of system transitions from state to state are proposed to be estimated on the basis of empirical data on previously implemented projects and/or expertly, taking into account the risks characterising construction conditions in dynamics. The dynamic model of the construction plan development allows to determine such characteristics as: the probability of the construction plan realisation within the established terms, the probability that the object will ever be completed, the time of construction to the stage of completion with a given degree of reliability; unconditional probabilities of the system states (construction stage) in a given period of time relative to the beginning of construction. The model has been tested. The proposed model allows us to estimate the time of completion of construction, to assess the risks of failure to complete construction within the established deadlines in the planned conditions of construction realisation, taking into account the dynamics of risks.

Keywords: construction time, risk assessment, markov model, discrete Markov chain, inhomogeneous random process

By conducting a construction and technical expertise on the inspection of building structures and identifying several signs that can lead to their destruction, it is possible to identify a defect in which the destruction and accident of the structure under study is most likely to occur. It is proposed to use a Bayesian approach to evaluating the effectiveness of methods for determining defects affecting structural failure. The use of knowledge on the inspection and testing of building structures of buildings and structures is to determine the degree of relationship between the possible destruction of a building structure and its inspection, based on methods developed in the theory of reliability of technical systems. Based on the results of mathematical determination of the degree of malfunction, it is possible to more objectively assess the effectiveness of the method used to check the condition of the building structure. The method of using construction and technical knowledge to determine the technical condition of structures in an emergency state, in relation to the use of the Bayes formula, is considered. According to the proposed methodology, examples of determining the defect and the degree of destruction of building structures are given.

Keywords: construction and technical expertise, defects, reliability, diagnostic methods, wear, efficiency

The article presents the development of a software tool for modeling the influence of physical processes occurring in a single-mode optical fiber as a result of bending deformation. Model of bending deformation of single-mode optical fiber is considered. Classical and refined models of deformation and their influence on the optical fiber params are given. The initial data required to implement the software tool is discussed in detail. The development of the modeling program was gradually considered. The specifics of the implemented program obtained during the computational experiment are indicated.

Keywords: mathematical modeling, optical fiber, bending deformation, modeling of deformed fiber behavior, computational experiment, software

A new mathematical apparatus is proposed for monitoring the adequacy of the choice of signal sampling interval from the point of view of taking into account the main high-frequency components and identifying the possibilities of increasing it. It is based on the construction of special aliasing grams based on measured signal samples. Aliasing grams are graphs of standard deviations of the amplitude spectra of a conventionally reference discrete signal, specified with the highest sampling frequency, and auxiliary discrete signals obtained over the same observation interval, but with lower sampling frequencies. By analyzing such graphs, it is easy to identify sampling frequencies that lead to the appearance of the aliasing effect in the case of sampling, and, consequently, to distortion of the signal spectrum. To speed up and simplify the construction of aliasinggrams, it is proposed to use as auxiliary signals obtained from the reference one by thinning. It has been shown that this device is also effective in the case of the spectrum spreading effect. It can be used in self-learning measuring systems.

Keywords: sampling interval, aliasing, amplitude spectrum, aliasing-gram, sample decimation, spectrum spreading

This paper reveals many topical problems related to the modernization of inclusive education in Russia, with an emphasis on the practice of teaching foreign language in higher educational institutions. The paper also presents models of inclusion of persons with disabilities relevant to the modern educational environment. A brief description of the historical and legal basis of inclusion in Russia is also given. The authors note that in higher education institutions inclusive education is still at the stage of formation and that for its successful implementation it is necessary to comprehend the problem and create a methodological basis.

Keywords: inclusive education, persons with disabilities, equal access, quality education, integration, synergy, legal framework, adaptation, transformation.

The article presents the prerequisites for the relevance of the processing and disposal of galvanic sludge generated from industrial enterprises, which in turn occupies numerous areas of land for storage, which harms the environment. An overview of the methods of processing and disposal of electroplating waste, including physical, chemical and biological processes. Experimental studies of galvanic sludge sediment are presented. The precipitate is a mixture of crystalline CaCO3, SiO2 and an amorphous phase, which is not determined by phase analysis. Modern advanced technologies for the processing and disposal of galvanic sludge are presented.

Keywords: galvanic sludge waste, automation, control, methods, sediment thermogram